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The legal framework governing company formation in Turkey permits international investors to establish and own Turkish companies on substantially the same basis as domestic investors. A Turkish partner is not ordinarily required and full foreign ownership may be adopted in most sectors. The apparent simplicity of registration should not, however, be confused with the wider

The transfer of company shares is one of the most significant thresholds in corporate structuring. However, the tax outcome of a share transfer often does not arise from the economic size of the transaction, but from the type of company in question, the legal instrument through which the transfer is carried out, and the timing

Law No. 7582 on the Amendment of Certain Laws was adopted by the General Assembly of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye on 21 May 2026. The Law is expected to be implemented in accordance with its provisions on entry into force following its publication in the Official Gazette. Law No. 7582 is not merely

Foreign Judgment Enforcement in Turkey Overview Foreign judgment enforcement in Turkey is governed by strict procedural rules under Turkish Private International Law. Foreign court judgments and arbitration awards cannot be directly enforced in Turkey. Before any compulsory execution can take place, the decision must first be recognized and enforced by Turkish courts under the

The War Risk Surcharge (WRS/EWRS) constitutes an additional freight component whereby the shipowner passes on to the loading party the increased insurance premium paid for vessels transiting through war zones or high-risk areas. Its legal basis is derived from the standard clauses BIMCO CONWARTIME 2004 and VOYWAR 1993, which, by incorporation into the charter

In the challenging arena of international trade, the process of debt collection from debtors in Turkey contains unique procedures and legal intricacies that businesses must navigate with care. Spanning from enforcement proceedings to debt collection lawsuits, this process requires comprehensive knowledge of both international treaties and trade practices, as well as the domestic legal

Pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 9903 published in the Official Gazette dated 30 May 2025 and numbered 32915, Turkey’s investment incentive system has been restructured. This new system aims to support production, employment, digital and green transformation, and regional development objectives. In this context, Decree No. 2012/3305 and the Decree on the Attraction Centers

For individuals or companies planning to relocate to or invest in Turkey, opening a bank account is often one of the initial steps. Although the process is relatively straightforward when the proper documents are in place, there are important distinctions between personal and corporate accounts, especially for foreign nationals and businesses. This guide outlines

A joint stock company (JSC) in Turkey is a business structure where ownership is represented by shares, and shareholders are only accountable up to the value of their committed capital. This comprehensive guide outlines everything you need to know to establish a JSC in Turkey, from the foundational requirements to tax liabilities, capital rules,

Following applications to the Constitutional Court by local courts and higher courts, claiming that Article 27, clause 1 and 2 of Law No. 5718 on Private International Law and Procedural Law (“PLCPL”) are unconstitutional in lawsuits arising from employment contracts, the Constitutional Court examined the applications and, in its decision numbered 2023/158 E. and